What are the different types of stem cells used in therapy, and how are they sourced?

Stem cells used in therapy are categorized into two main types: embryonic stem cells and adult (somatic) stem cells.

Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs):
Derived from embryos, typically in the blastocyst stage.
Pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into any cell type in the body.
Ethical considerations surround their use due to the need for embryonic tissue.

Adult (Somatic) Stem Cells:
Found in various tissues of the body, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood.
Multipotent or pluripotent, with the ability to differentiate into specific cell types.
Ethically less controversial than ESCs.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs):
Adult cells reprogrammed to exhibit pluripotent characteristics similar to ESCs.
Overcome ethical concerns associated with ESCs.

Perinatal Stem Cells:
Derived from tissues such as umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, and placenta.
Possess multipotent or pluripotent properties.
Considered a non-controversial and rich source of stem cells.

The sourcing of stem cells depends on the type of therapy and the targeted tissues. Common sources include embryos (ESCs), the patient's own body (adult and perinatal stem cells), or laboratory reprogramming (iPSCs). The selection of stem cell type is guided by factors such as their potency, ethical considerations, and the therapeutic goals of the treatment.

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